>> one of the best quotes i've heard about money and politics is about war. >> he won the pull zer prize. sunday we'll talk with jeff smith national investigative correspondent for "the washington post" on c-span's "q&a." >> tonight, congressional leaders unveil two plax honoring who african-american slaves who helped build the memorial. then a look at june unemployment numbers. >> congressional leaders unveiled two plaques honoring two slaves who helped built the u.s. capitol.

historians say they worked six days a week. the federal government rented the slaves at a rate at $5 per person per month. this is about 35 minutes. .

>> that goes against these marble halls today. to you, do i lift up my eyes, to you who dwell in the heavens, my eyes like the eyes of slaves, fixed on the hand of their masters. the eyes of the servants on the slightest gesture of the mistress, so are our eyes on you, o lord, our god. have mercy on us, o lord, have mercy. we are filled with contempt, full of overflowing are our souls. the arrogant disdain of the browned heart.

-- the secret songs of the heart are revealed only for all to celebrate justice. amen. >> please be seated.+ ladies and gentlemen, united states representative from georgia, the hon. john lewis. [applause] >> thank you, madam speaker. first of all, i would like to thank the house and senate, leadership for their support for the slave labor task force.

i would also like to take the opportunity to recognize the other members of the slave labor task force who are here today, who together we introduced house legislation that created the slave labor task force in 2000. now i would like to take a moment and ask the members of the task force to please stand. all of the members that are here. [applause] chairman, i would like to thank each and every member for their hard work and dedication. you never gave up, you never gave in. we could not be where we are

today without the leadership of my friend, my partner. thank you. [applause] additionally, i must also knowledge the work of the clerk of the house and the architect -- and both of their staff for their dedication. i must recognize a young man on my own staff. jesse, where are you? please stand. thank you, we appreciate it. [applause] today we shed light on a long, hidden truth. in slave african-americans were used as labor in the

construction of this capitol building. the mandate of the slave labor task force is to recognize the contribution of the enslaved african american in building the united states capitol. the architect of the capital 2005 report, state labor did official document to work with slaves in the capital construction. in a historic marker on a design, we recognize the blood, sweat, and toil for the enslaved african american in this embodiment of our democracy.

imagine, constructing this capitol building with their own two hands back in washington's oppressive summer heat and winter, to pull massive stone. imagine having to fight through the bone chilling winter in rags and sometimes without shoes. $5 a month for your labor. this capital, the most desperate

-- the most recognizable symbol of our democracy was bill for the backbreaking work and labor of slaves. the feeling from which we project the ideas of freedom, democracy, and in my own mind, the beloved community, stands grounded on the foundation laid by slaves. slavery is a part of our nation's history. forever we should not run away or hide from it. the history of the capital is the history of our nation. as thousands of visitors walk through our nation's capital and leave without knowing the treath of its construction. today this changes.

it relies in the dream of an all-inclusive and more perfect union. today, these lines will help tell the history of our nation and this capitol building. today we now remind all visitors of the work of enslaved african americans in building the temple of freedom. again, madam speaker and leaders of the congress, i would like to thank everyone here that helped to bring this building to live. thank you very much. [applause] >> ladies and gentlemen, united

states senator from arkansas, the hon. blanche lincoln. [applause] >> i, too, want to thank the speaker of the house and the majority leader of the senate and republican leader as well for being here today and joining all of us at this very incredible opportunity to pay respect and to really elevate this monumental task that was a part of our great history in this country. i just want to say a very, very special thanks to my friend, congressman john lewis, for those remarks, for his passion, and for his steadfast determination in his lifetime to do so many good things on behalf of so many people. most of all, his leadership here with the slave labor task force. i had the privilege of working with him, serving with

congressman louis when i served in the house, but have been so pleased and honored to work with him on this initiative, and certainly my former colleague who has also worked hard on this. i do want to extenddmy sincere thanks to the sites family for joining us here today. i wanted to take a moment and just remember mr. curtis sikes, who is no longer with us. he was an original member of the slave labor task force and a native of little rock, ark., where he was an original member of the arkansas black history advisory committee. i am so grateful to his contribution and his lifetime of contributions for the state of arkansas. i would also like to thank senator davidson, who knew mr. sikes.

a very special welcome to our distinguished guests for taking time out of their busy schedule to join us here in washington for this momentous occasion. today is such a very special day. after almost 10 years of hard work and dedication, we celebrate the contribution made by enslaved african americans in the construction of the u.s. capitol. when the capital was first being built in the late 1700's and early 1800's, enslaved african americans worked in all facets of its construction, for nearly 200 years. the stories of these slave laborers were mostly unknown to visitors of the capital. we forgot to say thank you to these incredible skilled and talented craftsmen and workers. then in 1999, old pay stubs were discovered that showed slaves were directly involved in construction of the u.s. capitol

agreed to recognize these contributions, a sponsor a resolution in july 2000 to establish a special task force to make recommendations to honor the slave laborers to work on the construction of the capital. in 2007, the bicameral task force presented congressional leadership with our recommendations. today, the unveiling of these blacks represents a fulfilment of one of our recommendations. as we gather here today, i reminded about the story of philip reed. as each one of us comes to work, we look at the top of this great building at the statue of freedom. the statue was cast in a five piece plaster mold by thomas crawford in his studio. prior to the cast being shipped to the united states to be cast, mr. crawford passed away. once it arrived in washington d.c., problem soon arose. a worker who assembled the plaster model for all to see

soon got into a pay dispute, and when it came time to disassemble it and move it to the mill in maryland where it would be cast into bronze, he refused to reveal how to take it apart. so work on the stature became stalled, until a man by the name of philip reed solve the mystery. mr. reed was an enslaved african american. he worked for the owner of the foundry and was selected to cast a bronze statue. he figured out how to disassemble the plaster model by attaching an iron hook to the statue's head and gently, ever so gently, lifting the top section until a hairline crack appeared. the crack indicated where the joints were located, and he then repeated the operation until the five different sections of that statute were discovered. we know about filigreed today because the son of the foundry owner share the story with historians -- we know about

filigreed today. he was described as being highly esteemed by all who knew him. we stand here today not only because of philip reed, but for other enslaved african americans like him who worked tirelessly to sacrifice in the face of strife. these plaques, in their own right, will serve as a symbol of their sacrifice and will be seen by visitors to enter the building for ever more. in closing, i would just like to personally thank the members of the slave labor task force, chairman schumer and ranking member bennett of the rules committee for their help as well, and center chambliss along with center schumer and others who were original co-sponsors of the legislation to honor these in slave laborers. this incredible sacrifice and contributions to the construction of this majestic building have gone unrecognized

for far too long. i am so grateful for the opportunity to beat up part of this initiative and to thank everyone -- to be a part of this initiative. as i think back on what might have been on the minds of those enslaved african americans, i can only think, just as the father mentioned in his prayer in benediction, to do justice, to love mercy, and to walk humbly with our god, would have certainly been on the minds of those enslaved african americans as they did their job as skilled laborers, as craftsmen, with a great sense of pride in what they produced, for so many years of american history. thank you all for joining us. [applause] >> ladies and gentlemen, republican leader of the were

not -- of the united states house of representatives, the hon. john boehner. braxton madam speaker, my colleagues, honored guests, we welcome all of you to the capitol today. today we take time from our busy schedules to honor a group of people who are almost forgotten. i want to commend the work of the slave labor task force, john lewis, blanche lincoln, and j.c. watts. thank all of you who served on that task force, and they did for being with us today. the capitol building that we all so low, began its life in september 1793. now the preeminent symbol of freedom, liberty throughout the world. the work of the task force is to remind every american of the contributions of african- americans made to the construction of this sacred

building prior to the end of slavery here in washington d.c. in 1814 when the british came here to burn the capital, they did in fact burnet, but only the house and senate wing. all that remained were the our walls. the effort to rebuild what was lost was extensive. all of that work was performed by many enslaved african americans throughout the d.c. area. the rebuild the two wings, and they eventually help construct what we know now as our capitol dome. the plaques that we are dedicatiig today simply say we will not forget. american slaves not only helped build the capital, they help

build the nation. i think our nation is in their debt. thank you. [applause] >> ladies and gentlemen, republican leader of the united states senate, the hon. mitch mcconnell. [applause] >> speaker pelosi, leader mainer, congressman lewis, senator reid, center lincoln, guests and friends. we all know we have come here to tell the rest of the story. to acknowledge the profound indignity of the slaves who helped cure this land and lay the stones. we remind ourselves that for nearly a century after the declaration of independence was signed, an entire race of people in our country were denied the god-given rights about which

thomas jefferson wrote in that immortal document. finally, because in remembering the slaves who labored here, we give them some measure of the dignity they were so cruelly denied in life. for all these reasons, for those who work with the slave labor lewis and blanche lincoln, without it, we would not have these plaques. we would not know some of the stories that have come down to us as part of the search. senator lincoln has already told you the story of philip reed, but it is so interesting it bears repeating. as you just learned, he played an unlikely role in finishing the construction of the capital as it appears today. are originally from south carolina, he worked in a

foundry owned by thomas crawford that designed the statue of entry jackson in lafayette park. he was later commission to set cast the statue of freedom that now stands atop the dome. as center lincoln pointed out, the plaster model for the statue of freedom was supposed to be displayed in the old house chamber until the time came for it to be disassembled. it was to be cast into a statute and put up over the dome. there was a problem, a big problem. the italian sculptor, as blanche pointed out, ended up stacking the model in the house chamber, and the only person around who knew how to take it apart --

filigreed was apparently the sharpest guy at the time -- philip reed. he was the only one who could figure out how to take the thing apart without destroying it. it is largely because of him that this great symbol of freedom sits atop the capitol dome. he was the only guy smart enough to figure out how to take it apart. in the excellent report on the history of slave labor and capital, the story of philip reed underscores one of the great ironies of this building's construction. that is the irony of they were when coming to us that if you to cast a statue of freedom who was not himself free. it must've been a terrible injustice. that is part of the story. we must continue to tell it, as congressman lewis said. the history of the capital, like the history of our nation, will

be complete. we are agreeable to -- we are grateful to that slave labor task force for helping us remember and moralize is painful but important part of our history. they are helping to make sure that future generations learn the whole story. thank you. [applause] >> ladies and gentlemen, majority leader of the united states senate, the hon. harry reid. [applause] >> as we have heard, the same your president lincoln signed the emancipation proclamation, a bronze statue was lowered in

place on top of the dome. here's an untold story. we already know his last name was reid. [laughter] but, you know, there are a lot of different ways to spell it. this was spelled r-e-i-d. the title of the capital's crowning feature hardly describes the foundation over which it presides. each of a speaking today recognizes what a privilege it is to call this place i were workplace, when countless local slaves labor here long before there were any senators, and congressman before us. their tasks for backbreaking, yet while condemned to

disgraceful injustice, they somehow found the strength to fashion the most graceful designs. through blistering summer and biting winners, and snake invested conditions, a car been carried the stone to achieve the structure in which leaders would shape and nation. their hands build a temple to liberty, but many of them would never know that lesson for stan. they joined with nothing more than a wholthat the rise of ther descendants to be free, to be counted as equal citizens, to elect the leaders who would represent them and serve as their representatives. in this place, where so much of american history is written, it is our duty to ensure that none of it, no matter how foul is erased from our national memory. that is what we are doing here today. we share their story and place

this plaque, not only for those who worked for generations ago, but those two will work in this building for generations to come. -- those who will work and visit here for generations to come. [applause] >> ladies and gentlemen, the speaker of the united states house of representatives, the honorable nancy pelosi. [applause] >> hello again. welcome to all of you to the capital for this very special occasion. imagine, in this ceremony in of enslaved african americans for the construction of the united states capitol. because of john lewis and the others here who have given us this privilege to unveil the

statues to correct this injustice. i am glad we are doing so in a very strong, bipartisan way. my colleagues in the house and the senate leader mcconnell and chairman of the republican party, i want to knowledge the presence of so many members of the congressional black caucus and associate members of the caucus here today. the black caucus and john lewis have been called the conscience of the congress, and today, the challenge to the congress that this injustice has presented has been partially corrected by giving the recognition that we do. it has been an honor to work together in this effort. i would also like to recognize

two other leaders, lorraine miller, the clerk of the house, and terry rouse. [applause] she is the ceo of the capital visitor center, which houses emancipation hall, named to acknowledge enslave americans who built the capital. over the past decade, the slave labor task force work to document the history of slave laborers who constructed the walls of the united states capitol. we all know that by now and we know the contribution of the reid family. out of a dark chapter in our past, an age of equality denied, rights refused, a dream not yet realize, these masons,

carpenters, painters, and others gave us this house of liberty and this beacon of hope for our nation and indeed the world. history books have until now not recorded their story or described the pivotal role they played in erecting the capital, yet the tale will be written forever into these walls, etched into the structure and spoken from this marble chamber. today, it is enshrined in these plaques which date, this original exterior wall was constructed between 1793 and 1800 of sandstone, quarried by enslaved african americans who were an important part of the labor force that bill the united states capitol, for all to see and read and saber and treasure in value when they visit this capital of the united states. never again will their

contribution go unrecognized. the most recent -- recent tributes of the contributions of african-americans to our nation. they are a symbol to all who come here that no american is left out of america's story. today we honor men and women who not only constructed a single building, but became critical threats in the fabric of our country. our country's heritage, and we will continue to honor the diversity of our nation in the months and years ahead. once again, i always love to tell the story that when lincoln made his second inaugural address, which is sometimes called women's greatest speech, malice toward none, with charity toward all. that was the first time african- americans as upper-class were ever able to attend the

inauguration as three people. it was a very, very changed situation when the great emancipator would make his inaugural address and say those beautiful words, and have people there, freely attending. at that time, president lincoln said we cannot escape history, and with this black, we embrace it and celebrated. now i would like my colleagues to join me in the unveiling of the black -- with this plaque, we embrace it and celebrate it. after the invocation, i am inviting all to participate in the celebration at the reception. thank you all for coming. as i look around room, i see so many of you, i want to run up to

each of you and ask you to sign my program. [laughter] you all are very, very special guests and we are honored by your presence. now we will unveil a plaque. [applause] there are many honors afforded to leaders in congress. today is a very special day for all of us, because to be a part of this ceremony, standing here with john lewis and those who made this possible -- j.c., come

up here. [applause] are there other members of the task force? c'mon, barbara. i am guessing that the secretary of labor, secretarial the solis is here today. harry has to go vote.

now we are going to do something i know you all love to do, pray. >> please bell for the benediction. lord, god, almighty, creator and sustainer of the universe, accept our thanksgiving for the contributions of enslaved african americans to the

construction of the united states capitol. may our gratitude for their sacrifices motivate us to strive to see more clearly your image in all humanity. lord, inspire us to pray that you will truly make us one nation, and diverted by you, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. in the seasons to come, less and keep us. receive less and keep us. make your face to shine upon us and be gracious unto us. lift the light of your countenance upon us, and give us your piecpeace until justice ros

down like waters and right justice like a mighty stream. we pray in your liberating name, amen. [applause] >> ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending today's ceremony, and enjoy the rest of your day. [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2010]

>> coming up, a memorial service for stewart udall, the secretary of the interior under presidents kennedy and johnson. then, a look at june unemployment numbers. after that, another chance to see the unveiling of plaques honoring african-american slaves who helped build the u.s. capitol. tomorrow on "washington journal," blade hounshell talks about his latest article, 27 failed states. also, a look at long-term proposals for restoring the gulf coast region with the singer did senior director of the internal defense fund, paul harrison. we will check with peter decoursey on pennsylvania's

budget shortfall. that is live at 7:00 a.m. eastern, here on c-span. >> one of the best quotes i have ever heard about money and politics, it is like water that finds a hole. >> he writes about political action committees and their influence on congress and won the pulitzer prize for reporting on tom delay and jack abramoff. sunday, on c-span's "q&a". >> c-span, our public appears content is available on television, radio, and on line. you can also connect with us on twitter, facebook, and youtube, and sign up for scheduler e- mail's that's c-span.org. >> stewart udall, the secretary of the interior under presidents kennedy and johnson, died in march at nine, three months after his death -- died in march at 90.

a memorial service was organized. from santa fe new mexico, this portion is an hour and 25 minutes. ♪ >> we are ready to get going here today. we are starting on time, as that has requested -- as dad has requested. first of all, happy father's day. let's have all those fathers stand-up and give them a hand. [applause] happy father's day. then as you all, my brother dennis and i will be your masters of ceremonies today.

you will see dennis on a regular basis. family and friends have gathered today to celebrate our father's life and legacy. i have already had a lot of tears with many of you, but let's remember, we have the celebration side. there is also going to be a lot of crying, no doubt, bud dad did not have a funeral. he wanted a celebration of his life, and i will talk about that a little bit. but we are going to begin with the native american prayer. to do that i am going to call on the governor of the pueblo. joshua has served the public, his community, the state of new mexico as a school board member, as a county commissioner. he is a historian on culture and

architecture and a well-known potter. he brought back an ancient technique in his pottery work. please welcome joshua to open it up for us here with the native prayer and blessing. i believe he is bringing his daughter, alexandra forward with him. >> good morning, ladies and gentlemen. at the request of the family, first we would like to do the opening prayer from my daughter. if you please, shall we stand? first we will do the opening prayer in our native language and then she will interpret it

in english. [speaking native language] >> good morning, ladies and gentlemen. we are gathered today to honor a great man, mr. stewart udall. thank you, mr. stewart udall, for protecting mother earth.

>> [speaking native language]

[speaking native language] we gather today to honor and celebrate the life and legacy of a great man, mr. stewart udall. mr. stewart udall was a friend to all native people, a friend to our sacred lands, a friend to those who needed their voices to be heard in the halls of power. as one of the most in need of -- significant figures in protecting america's natural environment, he was a friend to all americans. mr. udall was a long time, ardent advocate for mother earth and her children. he understood the earth is

sacred, the waters are sacred, the sky is sacred. with his lifelong dedication to protecting our nation's wild plants, he preserve the sacred places for our children and our children's children. mr. udall broad conservation lists and concerns to the mind of american people. at a time when we must bear witness to the devastation in the gulf of mexico, where violent storms, fires and floods seemed to capture headlines almost weekly, we are grateful to the gift of one man's dedication to our nation's environmental and cultural heritage. on behalf of my religious leaders, like tribal council, and my people, and all indian people, we thank you for all you did for our people and our land. thank you, ladies and gentlemen. you may be seated.

>> before i call governor richards and ouson out, i want l you you how much it means to the udall family. my father asked to have an amphitheater with the very world famous, renowned architect. he agreed to do that. the thought was to bring native artist to a new level. when my mother passed away, her ceremony was here at this

amphitheater. when my father undertook to fight for native american uranium mines, he did so at his own expense. he had to raise money as a legal fund. my mother worked with him for the performers here in order to raise money. so this is a very special place for us and specifically for dad as he asked us to do the celebration of his life. [applause] at any point, anybody can clap and we will break for that, because you are going to hear a lot of wonderful things to say about my father and his legacy. dad was very specific about what he wanted.

i can tell you, you all know him, and so if there is any offense taken about how we do this, it is stewart udall. he is fine with that. just to give you a little idea, he selected almost all of these speakers, with a little advice from his children, but almost all the speakers, and he told me very specifically, he said tom, i want them to speed for four minutes. and he said, you enforce it. because of the votes, i am not going to enforce it. i am going to get the grandchildren to enforce it. there is a branch of a down year, so all the speakers no with a sign that specifically is going to tell you when you have one minute left, and down to zero. we of course want you to wrap up

in a gentle, slow way. we do not want you to just chop off. now, how to deal with the acknowledgements is very, very difficult here. i am going to tell you what dad's advice was. we are departing a little bit, because since he passed, the department of interior building in washington has been named the stewart udall building. [applause] that effort was spearheaded by the congressional delegation of new mexico, and many other people on the outside that were a part of that. our congressional delegation, i want to thank them, because it

was their effort. [applause] so now we have all the other elected is in the audience. we have people who dad gave advice about various causes. we have aspiring officials who ran that did not win that dad gave advice. any, said he was involved in, all of you please stand up. all in that category, elected officials, people that were involved with him in any way, please stand up. let's give them around of applause. [applause] know that is the way he told me to do it, so we may vary a little bit, but that is the simplest way, because he had so many times in this community and

he really loved people and loved to mentor. there were very much a part of his live. governor bill richardson was one of those very good friends of my father. dad had a very close relationship with bill, and they shared many values and many causes. as i think through one of the great ones was passing legislation for the congress to protect the uranium miners, to have a policy. jeff was involved with that, and bill richardson was very involved. when it came to clean energy, you all know my father's feelings on energy. he supported what governor richards and did and was an adviser to him. he drafted my dad to head of the ethics and campaign finance reform effort. i am sure dad got a piece of

advice, and you will probably hear about a, but one thing that really excited my father was the fact that governor richards and was running for president of the united states. he was a big supporter of bill richardson. i give you our governor, very close friend of mine thamy dad. [applause] senator udall, you will be having one of the great legacy is that your father brought to this country. by the way, i think what he would say, boys, clean up that oil spill. i say that because stewart udall was a man of action. he liked to have meetings, tax

-- task forces and commissions. he was an intellectual. he wanted to get things done. i feel the stewart udall is here right now, with his big paws on us. he had the biggest hands, did you ever notice? he was somebody that loved this land. he loved this country. he loved the wilderness. you know his record as a major conservationist. he was somebody also that wanted new mexico to be -- he would send me those letters. remember his penmanship? he would say bill, expand the

state parks commission, and we did it. he said don't worry about the deficit. that will repair itself. he said, be a conservationist, which will be your legacy. he also said, save that college in santa fae. on the ethics task force, he was way ahead of his time. he said to banned all political contributions for everybody. that was his idea. it was a little difficult to do, and i would get these legislators [unintelligible]

i have in my family -- part of the udall legacy. i have given this guy for jobs. never satisfied, but a man in the udall tradition, always pushing in building. i came into the udall relationship in a contest. the udalls took me in. i remember one story when i was a young man, and the story was this. they loved the native americans.

there was a navajo-hopi agreement, and the big boys, the interior committee would not let me end. -- would not let me in. will of the conflict was right in my district, and they would not let me ein. i offered an amendment that said we are going to freeze a moratorium on the navajo-hopi settlement. the navajo people were with me and cheered me, but the navajo leadership did not like it. neither did mo. he said bill, this is not the way to get things done. the champion of the navajos was against it. everybody was against it.

for a while, i said i am going to back off. but the navajo people wanted it because there was some unsettled claims. stewart udall came up and said bill, you have had fun with this. good worked. you have got the people behind you. but now it is time to go. and we ended up with an agreement. now i have 30 seconds to say this. there was a conference recently called the great outdoors. i commend the president and secretary salazar for putting it together. there were all talking collaboration. there were talking partnership. by the way, i am sick of that

word, "partnership." what would store udall say? i gave a speech, which was later referred to by someone who said everybody smoke -- spoke diplomatically and blandly until this guy richardson, who got up and spoke like a hyena. i said we need more wilderness, more national parks, more wild and scenic rivers. we need more trails. we have to protect our mustangs. you know who i was thinking of. i was thinking of what stewart udall would say. for months, i said i wanted a building named after stewart udall. he said we are going to give

some papers, some native american history and name that section. i said no, i want a building. we finally found a building, a very good building in thdeed. but the ultimate accomplishment , a building that is going to be named, that covers all of america's public lands. it is not just a building in d.c., a building that is going to cover the first americans, that will cover america's wilderness. that building is going to be named after that big man with the big hands and the big voice , the great family, the great

legacy of stewart udall. [applause] >> one of our technicians here tells me we are just going to take one five-second break. . .

he said he gave me three pieces of advice that i keep close to my heart, as guiding pieces of advice. try to live in such a way that in decision and regret still as little as possible from you. second, i have a broad stuffed full of every kind of award and honor -- i have a garage stuffed full of every kind of award and honor. at my age, the only thing that matters is the circle of family and friends. three, your life can be heard --

can be seen as two stories, what you want it to be seen as, and what you actually are. the most humbling moments come when you compare the two. that was the influence our father had on people, and you'll hear more of it today. [applause] >> thank you. our next speaker met my mother and father in 1970. they had a strong relationship

and friendship. [inaudible] she and stewart udall work together many times over the years. we will hear from her now. [applause] >> what an honor to be with you today to celebrate this wonderful man's life. stewart udall was a man for all seasons.

when we first went to washington, it was wonderful to have them close by. it was lea to help me find a realtor and a house, and to settle in washington. our children are about the same age. we had so much fun. it was a very great relationship. many times, we had the opportunity to take a boat that was offered two different

secretaries of the department. many times we would float to washington's house and floated back again. this man, as was mentioned, made the national parks come alive. we would take the ladybird johnson down the rapids. he recognized that it was a live entity that we could be proud of. we had medicine places that were very important to us. he saw the story of the national

parks and it just made his heart feel so good. a living part of e were. his relationship with native americans has already been said. they are our relatives. we think of them that way. i want to tell you that these last few years, serving with him on the board he chaired saying how precise he was, we did some wonderful things together. he was such a remarkable man

because he was but a friend and thinking all the time about expanding the opportunities that native americans have today. thank you and enjoy the day. [applause] >> as many of you know, my father was a passionate supporter of native american self-determination. one of his proudest moments was being appointed the first native

american commissioner of native american affairs. [applause] my father had five brothers and sisters. we are so blessed to have with us today the three surviving siblings. [applause] i know i can speak for all of the grandchildren when i say that we love these pokes dearly and will carry their wisdom with us -- these folks dearly and will carry their wisdom with us. we will hear from one of them now. please give a warm welcome. [applause]

>> there were six of us, and in the 6. my two -- and i am the 6th. my two sisters decided to pass, so you are stuck with me today. i want to talk a little bit about my brother. the way we were raised, what we did, conservation came first. having said that, my brother was the worst armor i ever met. -- worst farmer i ever met. [laughter] he said when the depression came, it did not come to us, we were already depressed.

we did not have tractors. we had horses. horses are the stupidest people in the world, in case you have not dealt with them. the day would start on the farm by hooking up his team first, because you knew that in 10 minutes they would be back, and he would be out in the field and doing something. i think some of the people who know him think he was a dreamer when he got older. when he was young, he was the same way. he did something that drove me insane. every day. go through the dictionary and find a word he did not know, and he would use it all day long. [laughter] this is audacious. that rapid is audacious. you see this plant? it is audacious. shut up.

[laughter] he was the first, he certainly wasn't the last. my father used to say to all of the boys on the farm, irrigation is a science. he said it first, we all said it later, the hell it is, is hard work. one of the things that i do not think will get talked about today other than by me is what stewart did before he was a politician. he was a lawyer. he was a good lawyer. he tried cases. he was involved in tucson arizona and immigration before immigration was even thought of. it was a good lawyer. he gave me, when i started

practicing law, a piece of paper about cross-examination. it is hand written by him to me, and it says, say this, it is good work. i give that to any lawyer i know. probably the most important thing he was proud of was his children. he raised six great children who are good people, good citizens, and people did contribute to their communities. i have been married to the same woman for 55 years. [applause]

stewart and his wife were married longer than that. i have always said that the person who should get credit for the children is the wife, not the husband. she spends more time with them than the man does. i always figured i come up with my kids -- i, up with my kids, at 10% is what i can take credit for. years ago we went to the emergence islands -- to the virgin islands, and we went to a fancy restaurant with one of the park rangers. it was just the three of us, my wife, me and him. i said, this is a nice table. my wife, as she usually does, corrected me, and said, that one

is better. he looked at me and he says, you're the head of the household. the man is always the head of the household. the thing that people forget is that the woman is the neck. [laughter] and a the next turns ahead. the neck turned the head. most of the time the next turned the head so slowly the head does not realize it has been turned. then he looked at my wife and said, in your case, that does not seem to apply. [laughter] [applause]

>> one of the favorite things of the grandchildren is trading these stories, and there seems to be no end of them. our next speaker began his career with the national parks service in 1962 as a seasonal grangranger. he, along with several other african americans, was recruited by my father in the early 1960's. my father traveled to historically black colleges to recruit students. 26 years later, bob became the first african-american to serve as director of the national parks service. and in welcoming him -- joined me in welcoming him. [applause]

>> good morning. to the family and guests, and a special salute to the young people to honor us by joining us this morning. [applause] i hasten to bring you greetings on behalf of kenneth salazar, the secretary of the interior, and all of the men who have served in the department of the interior. to stand before you enter a knowledge the legacy of stewart udall is not easy to do. within four minutes, within a week, within a month, a year. i think all of us recognize that we all want to honor his legacy. as governor richards and had mentioned -- richardson had

mentioned, stewart udall was and is one of america's most respected leaders in the field of conservation. [applause] he is without equal in being able to forge non-partisan support of major legislation that was enacted in the 1960's, the historic preservation act, the national trails act, the willingness act. those a legislation will endure his ledgers -- those legislations will endure his

legacy. stewart udall was a confidante, a great supporter of president kennedy, president johnson, and certainly, our first lady, lady bird johnson. they were able to energize and heightened public awareness about the bounty and beauty of this nation, not necessarily the beauty that we find in public lands, but the beauty in home yards, on school grounds, throughout the highways. that was a part of environmental quality, a new ethic. we are all blessed the back at it was recognized by stewart udall and lady bird johnson.

in 1999, we were extremely honored to host stewart udall in a visit to the lyndon b. johnson historical park in my home state of texas. we played a film about lady bird johnson during that visit. stewart udall is prominently featured in the museum. what was so beautiful about that theit was to just observe secretary and lady bird johnson having a conversation, reflecting the many challenges, and maybe some of their disappointments, forging ahead and new era of conservation. ladies and gentlemen, those are the friendships we need throughout this nation to carry on a legacy of stewart udall. [applause] there is so much i could say about his accomplishments, but

allow me very briefly to speak about my secretary, stewart udall. i probably have hanging in my hall a letter dated april 4th, 1962, signed by none other than the secretary of the interior, confirming my appointment as a seasonal ranger in the national parks. one has to remember that that was before the enactment of the civil rights act, or that in my home state of texas, i could not enter the front door of the cafe where my mother was a short order cook. yet, he saw the potential of students at historical black colleges, that they could go into our national treasures to

represent this country and preserve it. i am sure that he, as well as one of my other former bosses, i am sure that he said, i am going to change the complexion of the work force of this age to represent more of america and then we have in the past. i am sure, my friend, that there was a moment in the hallway, you are going to do what? but he said, yes, there will be black faces greeting visitors as they enter these national treasures. about [applause] so let me conclude, france, that as i think about my secretary -- friends, that as i think about my secretary, i think about a document that has served this nation and continues to serve

this nation well, created on march 4th, 1789. it has been amended, at the last count, 26 times, trying to get it right, that which is prescribed. we, the people of the united states, in order to form a more perfect union. that is what stewart udall understood. he also understood the intent and the spirit of the 14th amendment, equal protection under the law. he did not wait for the civil rights act. it said, i am the secretary of interior. i believe in the constitution. i believe in it rights for all people, and i will move ahead. that is leadership. [applause]

lastly, it can be said and he cared for the work force and the welfare of all citizens. he cared for the quality of the environment for all citizens. cared for all citizens having access to the enjoyment and use of their public lands. he is cared that we respected each other and demonstrate consistently the sense of responsibility for the stewardship of other species that cohabit this fragile place that we call earth. perhaps he embraced the sentiments of one of my favorite st best to lovest

best, all things great and small. he supported a memorial in lincoln park, and in his last will and testament, he embraced the we have a responsibility to our young people and must encourage them never, never, never to lose their zeal for building a better world. continue to improve. lastly, i will solicit each of you -- salute each of you. in the word of his boss, who appointed a 41-year-old secretary of the interior, stewart udall, he said, i am sure that when the dust of our

cities has passed, we too will be remembered not for our victories or defeats in battle or in politics, but rather, but rather, i our contributions to the human spirit. the most enduring contribution of stewart udall will be his humanity. he has lifted our spirits not only on this occasion, but in the future. and yes, his legacy, his legacy will endure. thank you very much. [applause] >> bob, thank you.

thank you very much. thank you very much. you can see, my father had a passion for equal opportunity, for justice, and for civil rights. people often ask me, they say, where did he get? his family. his father swept away years of discrimination when he ruled as the arizona chief justice that native americans have the right to vote. he did that in 1947. [applause] that was seven years before brown versus the board of education. his mother louise was a compassionate force for their place. -- for fair play. as a university student, he

asked another student to accompany him into a segregated lunch area. the other student was black, and prohibited from eating with white students. they broke the rules. the university had to decide, do we follow the rules or do we change the policy? the lunchroom was integrated and free from discrimination from there on. [applause] the want to acknowledge morgan maxwell. he has traveled from tucson, ariz. to be with us and to honor our father. he was there when they changed the name of my father's

foundation, and he shook my dad's hand. his two sons are new mexicans. they live here in new mexico. please rise. you get so much thanks from the udall family. [applause] thank you for being here with us. thank you for your friendship. as secretary of the interior, dad took on george preston marshall of the washington redskins. in 1962, the redskins were the last all white team. dad, as a landlord for the stadium, told marshall he had two choices. it could integrate the team or find another stadium.

[applause] you can imagine this powerful figure, george preston marshall, he went ballistic. he went to the president. he went to the attorney general, robert kennedy. the kennedys and backed that up, and the policy stood. the redskins got bobby mitchell, and that was given credit for creating a winning team. [laughter] [applause] i told you about this amphitheater. it sits on the santa fe indian school campus. the governors who run the school are our host today. some of them are with us. i would ask them to rise as i read their names. we have also been joined by the president of a try, the navajo a

vice-president, the lieutenant governor of laguna, and a former governor. please give them a round of applause. these governors have done so much. these governors have done so much to improve the lives of indian kids. we all know that education is the key. we all know education is the key. thank you for running a good skill and focusing on education. the next speaker is gail houston. she is one of my father's favorite nieces. she is the chairwoman of the english department at the university of mexico. my father admired her strong

will and outspoken ways. please come forward and do your thing. it is great to have you here. [applause] >> i wanted thank everyone for the great honor of being on this program for one of the great heroes of our time, my uncle, who was a fatherly mentor to me. when i think about him, i remember him talking about being a boy and listening to the radio at night in a small, isolated arizona town. he marveled at hearing stations from far off places he had never been to, calif., kansas, albuquerque and beyond. he talked of a feeling of deep

nostalgia for something he could not quite grasp. this remembrance has always resonated with me. he had two wonderful directions to choose from, stay in a tiny town that had given him his outstanding heritage, and where he could make a good life because he knew everyone, and everyone knew him, or go out into the larger world and make his way there, not knowing where it would leave him -- lead him. he chose the latter, and we all know where it led him. because of his choice, i, his , have always looked to

him as a model of integrity, activism, and idealism, up from the time i was the same age he was, listening to that radio, dreaming out into the night. this is one of his favorite poems, the road not taken, by robert frost. two roads diverged in a yellow wood, and sorry i could not travel both, and be one traveler. long i stood and looked down one as long as i could, to where it bent, then took the other, just as there, and having perhaps the better plane, for it was a grassy, and wanted for wear.

oh, i kept the one for the other day, not knowing how way leads onto way, i doubted i should ever come back. two roads diverged and i, i took the one less traveled, and that has made all the difference. [applause] >> thank you. you can see why she is such a wonderful teacher and why they treasure her at the university of mexico. our next speaker -- when my

father left the cabinet in 1969, he had an idea and a dream. his dream was to set up a consulting firm that would consult with cities and states and any entity that one did. it was to focus all of the elements of environmental planning and looking at things over the long term. it was called over view. herb joined dad ad overview in 1970 and worked with him day in and day out. after that, he moved on to do many other things, but they became lifelong friends as a result of those three years. i heard my father introduced him many times as his protege. herb brown, come on up.

[applause] >> i know you are the enforcer, but i have some introductory words to make. the four minutes is going to be, i think, exceeded. one hears about stewart being a person who changed the lives of so many people, and becomes an abstraction. they are people in another place, although there are many in that audience who are in that category. i stand here as one of those. he changed my life, my family's life, and my wife's life. i am a disciple of stuart. ewart. he knew it, because we were

together talking all of the time. wethe 1970's and 1980's, would talk sometimes every day. he represents to me something beyond anything other than those of my immediate family. he liked very much to quote the admired.people yet mirehe he was expressive. he was theatrical. one idea he really liked was something robert frost told him personally. perhaps it was just a conversation they had. he told me it was great when a person showed up elsewhere.

what he meant was, doing something else, something out of the ordinary from their past. something surprising. that was stewart udall. was the man who showed up elsewhere, and he did a lot. he did brilliantly. i knew him from the day he left the cabinet. i wwnt to talk about the man i knew, his values, his politics, the things of his heart. kospi purely from my own perceptions of the man i knew -- i speak purely from my own perceptions of the man i knew. i would like to follow him elsewhere, to places i was lucky to watch him go.

i knew him as a poet, playwright, a syndicated columnist, an outdoorsman, a climber, and historian, a visionary, and a complete man. he was a complete man. i recall an evening about 40 years ago when he and i were waiting outside of our offices with about a half dozen other people. they looked miserable from another tough day at the office. we were chatting, and out of the blue, reflectively,stewart quoted thoreau. he said, "most people live lives of quiet desperation." he then quoted robert frost.

"most men live lives of quiet desperation." he said he was lucky because he enjoyed his work. i could feel that every day around him. we would go at lunch sometimes out to the rocks by the potomac river, and you could feel him. he was always reaching for something just a bit beyond his fingertips. and his remarkable quality was that he always got it. he always made it to where he was going. the path laid out before him was laid out in gold, but he chose a different path. he chose principles over money. he formed a consulting firm to create a new form of environmental thinking. call the total environmental planning.

in our small office, which she used to kid was in the shadow of the white house, watching over the nixon administration, the corporate chiefs, the captains of industry would parade into our office offering of bags of money to endorse their projects. he rejected them all. he told them flat out, "my name is not for sale." [applause] he preferred planning. he was willing to consult. one day a big corporation cayman. they wanted to build a refinery. they walked in, and after a few that, theythis endand point blank offered him

thousands of dollars to work for them. he asked what they wanted him to do, and they could not answer. they wanted him to stand beside them at a press conference and endorsed their project. they would line his pockets with money, and that was the justification. he told them know. he said, first, i cannot be part of any project like that without talking to the best minds. if they tell me it is a good idea, and will do it under one condition. i will have to do a study. and after we do the study, we will have a press conference so the people know what we did. and i have a right at the press conference to say what i learned from the study, and that may be

that your facility is no good and should not be there. odyssey, he did not get the money and we did not do the project. -- obviously, he did not get the money and we did not do the project. when he decided to do television ads for sears and roebuck, it was a very dramatic moment. many companies were advertising detergent. it was understood that if he did an endorsement, he would be in the ad on the television. it took a long time for him to come to terms with that, but he finally decided to do it. but he did it on condition that he would not get paid any money for it.

instead, he insisted, and succeeded, in causing the sears and roebuck company to set up scholarship funds for a native american students. [applause] the way the ad went was, a woman was about to leave her husband. then the screen went dark and a voice introduced the secretary of the interior. you saw his face, and he said, first of all, the money being paid for this is going to establish scholarships for students. i am not getting any. and that is the only way he would do it. he was a fighter. he knew how to mix it up. it did nixon up, and he was a winner. -- he did mix it up, and he was

a winner. in my presence, on the telephone, injected himself into hundreds of controversies where he made the difference. he inspired and he lent his name and influence to thousands of people around the country trying to maintain their way of life by saving a prairie, or a beautiful view, or an historic town or building. i have never met a person more idealistic. he lived those ideals. he installed a wood stoves in his house. he walked and took the subway or bus. one day i saw him studying a map of the potomac river. i asked what he was doing. he replied that he was trying to

figure out a way to get to work by taking a canoe so that he did not have to pollute the air. he wrote booksswith creative new perspectives, like opening our minds to the rich history of the united states that began in the southwest before the mayflower. he had a vision for the future. he was disgraced by the government in different to nuclear cover-ups. he was a man of reasonableness, boldness, dignity, elegance, toughness, tenacity, culture, integrity, decency. he was a timeless man. he was a man who exhibited qualities that would have made him a hero in any age, in any era. not a lot of people know this,

but the easternmost spot in the united states is in the virgin islands. that spot is named for stewart. it is, appropriately, the first place the sun shines every day. there is an ancient text that tells us that for enriching life, get a teacher and find a friend. i was blessed to find stewart udall as my teacher, and to cherish him as my dear friend. [applause] >> hello. i am lori udall.

and need my brother's here. -- i need my brothers here. theh and johnn whalers. >> we actually rewrote the words to this song to match our dad's life. if you know the melody, you can hum along. when dad died, we were awed by the outpouring of love and

affection, and by the number of people who said, he was a friend of mine. >> to stewart udall, friendship was all. i want to a knowledge -- acknowledge a hero who is here, udall.t stewart udall'sstua great heroes, for living a life of quiet courage, and for standing up and saying no to a bad war. [applause] ♪

>> mmm... was a friend of mine. ♪ he was a friend of mine. ♪ so many will miss him and all the dreams he left behind. he was a friend of mine. ♪ he came out of the air.

he came out of the air. ♪ he went back to the mother when spring was in its birth. he was a friend of mine. ♪ he fought for me and you. he fought for me and you. he fought for the rivers, the

forests, and mountains too. he was a friend of mine. >> take it away. ♪ ♪

>> to give him a hand. [applause] he always loved the land. he always loved the land. nowdid all the che could, believes that in our hands. -- now he leaves it in our hands. he was a friend of mine. ♪ i stole away and cried.

i stole away and cried. so many teardrops, the night my daddy died. he was a friend of mine. he was a friend of mine. ♪ he was a friend of mine.

whenever i hear his name, i just can keep from crying -- i just cannot keep from crying. he was a friend of mine. ♪ he was a friend of mine. he was a friend of mine. [applause]

>> that is the musical and artistic side of our family that you saw there. [applause] that the family reunions, that is a prominent side, because at the family reunions, i see them pointing at me or mark, and they say we got to the defective, public service as gene. [laughter] it is a wonderful thing to hear them and to listen to them. they sure stop you and make you listen. dad used to say,if you are flapping your gums, you aint learning anything."

we are moving up one of our speakers, because she has a previous engagement. many of you know her. let me set the stage. there was a marvelous history of the native americans that dad wrote about in his book. our next speaker and my father shared that interest and commitment to this history, and to teaching it to everyone they could. she was a founder of the regional publication about this.

she has been recognized for her efforts to preserve spanish history and culture. her family has been in santa fe since the 17th century. she has those deep roots i am talking about. please welcome her. [applause] . .

>> to be honest, i did not know who stewart udall was. as soon as i got there, we immediately hit it off. of the first thing that he said to me, and he said this every time we got together, he said that he was from st. johns, ariz., just 80 miles from the new mexico border. he told me about his life in st. john's and how he was devoted to his spanish neighbors who taught him how to survive in a harsh and arid climate. many of the names, you would find his classmates. he told me about when jacqueline

onassis came out to sea in northern new mexico. she was the editor of that book. he to crawl around northern new mexico to all the places that he mentions in the book so that she would better understand the book when she edited it. then he asked me how much i was charging for subscriptions he said that he wanted to subscribe to my magazine. he became the first subscriber and it was a subscription that he maintained for the rest of his life. last year, i called up stuart because i was putting together the commemorative issue.

you can see that that was one of his last public works and it contains incredible historic informations from native american writers. please pick it up if you do not have a copy. when i called him and asked him, he says -- a asked if i could send him a copy of where we were going to do so he could approve it. he said to me that i did not have to send him back a copy, that he trusted me implicitly and he loved me. that was the last thing that stewart udall ever said to me. he was a giant on the world stage. he was an important part of our community and best of all, he was one of us. thank you. [applause] >> tonight, a look at june

unemployment numbers. also, congressional leaders unveil two plaques honoring african-american slaves that helped build the u.s. capitol. >> sunday, on newsmakers comic energy committee chairman senator jeff bingaman on how the new energy and climate bill addresses the gulf of mexico oil spill and gas emissions. that is at 10:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m. eastern. >> learn more about the nation's highest court from those who have served on the bench. read our latest book, the supreme court candid conversations with all the judges, active and retired it is now available in hardcover. >> now, a discussion on the june unemployment numbers and the economy. this is about 45 minutes.

reuters, lots of folks looking for bright spotsn the economy. a couple of headlines out there this morning that aren't too bright. "the wall street jou," u.s. job picture darkens, payrolls are shringing, camera moves to the right, derth of jobs threatens recovery, that's "the washington post." explain what's happening right now? guest: we have a situation where the private sector is creating jobs, but not at a fast ough 35eus to meet up with the proper police station growth. private companies don't have the confidence to hire a lot of people. there's a couple of reasons. the bigges one is probably they don't know if demand is going to be there. if i don't know if i'm going to have business, i'm not going to hire. host: what does it mean? guest: the economy is still recovering, growing, but not the pace it did at the 2009 or even the beginning of 2010. i don't see anything we're

headed for a double dip but we're not going to grow at the pace of the fourth quarter of 2009 for example. host: what would show aouble dip recession? guest: the fact would that we came out of a recession it makes it hard tiering back in. you need a lot of companies saying i don't need this much employees or this much inventory. they've already done tt. we would need some other kind of shock, a deteriorating situation in europe over their debt problems, a sharper slowdown in china, something else going on here that would tell companies this is worse than thought, i need to take traffic action here. host: emily kieser is economic corporate for reuters. she'll take your calls in a couple of minutes. the phone number is on the bottom of the screen. unployment rate at 9.5% at this point. what can you tell us about these numbers and how they work, folks who have stopped looking for employment. how does this get fact toward

into this number? guest: you brought up why the rate came down this past month. we had hundreds of thousands of people who literal stopped looking for work. so the way the labor department calculates the numbers you have to be actively looking for a job in order to be counted in th unemployment rate. if you give up looking, you're no longer counted. if yoo have fewer people looking the job force shrippings and the unemployment rate goes down. it doesn't mean the economy is getting better. it's a misleading number at this point. host: president obama came out yesterday to talk for a couple of minutes about these employment figures. here's a short piece from that. >> it reflected the planned phaseout of 225,000 temporary census jobs, but it also showed the six straight months of job growth in the private sector. all told, our economy has created nearly 600,000 private sector jobs this year. as we saw a turnaround from the first six months from last year

when we lost 3.7 million jobs at the height of the recession. host: president putting his own positive 13i7b on the numbers. what else can you tell us? guest: there are a couple of things in this report that are worth mentioning and the president didn't bring it up in that clip. when the may numbers came out a month ago, there was shock and awe on wall street, the market went down and a lot of concern things looked really bad but in fact underneath that headline number things didn't look so bad. two things going on that we look for. one is that people were working more hours in a given week and the other they were getting pai more for those hours. in this june report both those numbers went down and that's a worrisome sign for things going forward because it's telling you companies don't need as much labor and if they don't need as much labor they're not hiring more workers. host: how much can presidents really do about this? guest: that's the problem the white house is having, it faces 24 tough choice between do i put more money into the economy to encourage hiring or worry about

the fact people are starting to get concerned about the deficit? when we talk about the deficit, we're still seeing in financial markets that the world is willing to lend money to the u.s. at an extraordinarily cheap rate. the yield on 10-year notes to the government is now below 3% and that's a remarkably low level. so there really isn't any evidence that the world is cutting off the u.s. when it comes to financing. but the u.s. has tried to put money into the economy and it's really not getting traction. we've seen it with housing and cash or clunkers, cash for appliances. it works in the short term but the following month when the deals are off the tabl demand goes right back down. host: before we get to calls makes me think of congress. where exactly is congress right now on enacting -- on acting on all this? they've left town but what's the current actioon the hill? guest: they're looking at extending unemployment benefits. so far they've been disinclined to do that. there are two sides to that story of course. you're talking about people who are out of work and need support. there is also some evidence that

suggests that as long as those benefits are there, people who might otherwise have moved on to something else will stay looking for a job and will not maybe take a lower paying job because from the benefits are better %- than what they might get working a minimum wage job. there are differences of opinion on how long we ought to be extending those jobless benefits. host: lots of calls coming in for emily, kaiser. chico, california. john, democrat. you're up first. caller: thank you for taking my call. i'm an active ttitter person and i've been noticing a lot of anger out here amongst both liberal and conservative regarding the level of war spending that that is never hardly mentioned as far as the deficit neutrality issues and all tt, people seem to ignore the fact there is a huge hidden tax from the war that's taking money out of our economy. i'm wondering why isn't that discussed more that the cost of the war is really a drag on our

economy and really i don't see what it's really accomplishing. so a lot of us democrats are actually angry with our president about it, we think he's on the wrong track. what would your opinion be about that? guest: on the deficit you bring up a good point. for all this discussion about how much we should be stimulating the economy to get it growing, those aren't the longest term drags. you mentioned the war, it's been going on for a few years but the biggest drags are struccural, medicare and social security. those have nothing to do about with the debate about whether we should stimulate the company comme more or spend more. those affect the long run course of the u.s. economy. host: what's being done about those two? guest: so far not a whole lot. we have a commission looking at these longer term and there has been some discussion about raising the retirement age for social security. but again, this commission that was put together is advisory. it doesn't have any power to set legislation. host: when will they report? guest: we have a long time.

they're still in the talkg phase and we have to see after the election what sort of mood congress is in. the feeling in the global community is that the u.s. doesn't really need to cut back right now but longer term needs to show that it has at least a plan for addressing these problems that we've known about for decades. host: so is the debate over the retirement age, is it real? c50 it happen? guest: it seems like it c50. it's been discussed many, many years. it seems to enomists as a it's not something that's going tolow down growth right away which is a concern. but it is something that can affect the long-term trajectory of u.s. finances. we know that needs to be happen. host: let's hear from linda, rome, georgia, independent. caller: i wanted to ask ms. kaiser on the unemployment it's posted it's 9.5% but are the people that have drawn out, they are not counted. is this correct? guest: you're absolutely correct. theris another measure the labor department puts out and a

lot of journalists and commirses, they call it the u-6. we call it a measure that includes exactly what you mentioned, people o dropped out of the labor force. it also includes people who accepted a part-time job when they'd like to be working full-time and anybody who is underemployed. that number went down but it's 16.5% which is an extraordinary number of people who are not working to their full ability. host: linda, what doou think? caller: then what we're getting is an an imaginary figure when it's told to the american public that it's 9.5%. guest: you're absolutely right it understates the full nature of unemployment. host: when will the higher figure and the reports you're looking at make it into the headlines as opposed to th 9.5 figure? guest: the focus has been on on 9.5, that's considered the core of the work force that's a clear indication whether the economy is getting better or worse. i'm seeing that higher number that u-6 get more traion in

this recession. host: steve in tomahawk, wisconsin. you're aepublican. what do you say? caller: good morning. ms. kaiser, why don't you believe that we're going to have a double dip unemployment starting possibly next year when the bush tax cuts expire and also when all the higher taxes start to hit from the health insurance bill? i'll listen to your comment. host: thank you. guest: you bring up the point of the fiscal cliff as we call it. this is a val point. we are looking at a situation next year where the stimulus is starting to wear off, some of the bush tax cuts are expiring, i'm pretty sure the obama administration will keep many of them, those making less than $250,000 would get their tax cuts. the economists i talk to are less concerned about the expiration of the tax cuts. they are concerned longer term what with what they call the handover when the government pulls ba on its support, is

the private sector going to be strong enough to carry the baton? what we've seen the last coue of months is worrisome, every time a government spending program has expired, private demand has not picked back up. the recent example was in housing when that tax credit for first-time and existing homebuyers expired april 30. we saw a 30% drop in may home sales. so clearly that pulled demand forward from later months and there is not demand behind ito take up that slack. host: you mentioned home sales, there is an extension of the homebuyer tax credit. where is that in congress? guest: that looks like i believe that was signed yesterday by obama. what that does is give you a little bit extra time to close the deal. it doesn't mean that new deals can get done and qualify for that credit. so in terms of spurring more demand for housing, i don't see it having much of an effect. my understanding, it was designed for those w made a deal but couldn't close it fast enough to qualify for that credit. they're giving them an extra 90 days to get tse deals closed.

host: a twitt question, ask your guest to comment on bailouts. aren't they a drain on the economy? guest: there's a couple of ways to look at it. we don't know what would have happened without them. clearly there is money going into bailing out companies, bailing out businesses that can't survive but at the same time, it's hard to prove the alternative, what would have happened had we not bailld out general motors or any of the banks? we don't know howad the hit to the economy would have been. you can argue there's a drain on the fron but on the back would would it have been? host: plymouth, massachusetts, anthony. democratic caller. hi there. go ahead. caller: i'd like to ask ms. kaiser what the economists have -- why is she still talking? i don't hear you at all. .

caller: how did the unemployment figure stay at 8.3? guest: we had a point where unemplment came down, a recession hit, unploilt went up. so after the resession, we had a rise in unemployment. it came down helped by the housing boo it employed a lot of construction workers and everything else that goes along with that. the unemployment rate went down and then spiked up. there was a point at which was in the four's, but it wasn't in the four's every month he was in office. host: let's here from importantsmouth, virginia. caller: are they counting the people that have been dropped off the rolls of unemployment because their benefits have ended?

host: we touched on that already. guest: that's the question i was aski myself yesterday. there is economic research that suggests what you are saying is precisely what's been happening. that people may hav stayed in the work force and accepted unemployment benefits because it gave them more resources than they might have will working a low-paying job and having had to pay for child care and transport and all the otherhings that go with that. host: back to the idea of a double-dip recession. what would that look like? guest: that would tell businesses they need to sfop spending -- stop spending. we need a cutback le that to say the economy is no longer growing. well the economy is growing, and we done have the numbers yet. it looks like we will have growth similar to what we saw in the first quarter. what is worsome is april

looked ok, may looked questionable, and june does not look good at all. what that says is we're going into the second half of the year without a lot of strength. in order to get a double-dip, again, we would need some kind of signal to businesses and consumers that this is worse than what we know about right now. host: a lot of worry in this conversation, but are there bright spots out there? >> there are bright spots. one of the things i noticed is that in the services sector, and that's a broad category which includes anything from barbers to restaurant owners, there were more than 90,000 jobs added in that sector. so we did see a little of a pick-up there. that to me was one reason to be optimistic. host: let's here from dover on our republican line. caller: i have a question on the

economy. is there a reason why the government hasn't had a mass production of ethanol or something like that to help boost the economy? i think that would be an excellent bill on that. guest: i have not heard anything about use the ethanol. we did have a time when food was up high and there was concern that our food of ethanol was

leading to starvation in africa. that's a tough choice for a government to make. you're right, any new technology that requires manpower is going to increase employment. i have not heard any talk in washington about ethanol being that product. host: here's a question, what are the plans for adding jobs villa ne transportation, new grid, new energy jobs to help with the unemployment problem? guest: the question is, do we have enough jobs and do we have enough people to fill -- people with the skills to fill those jobs. so far i have n seen enough to fill the 15 million people out of work. that's a lot of people. host: how about the oil spill, is that affecting the national data? guest: we have not seen that yet.

every week we get a state-by-state breakdown, so we're watching carefully to see if we are seeing spikes in mississippi, louisiana, alabama. we haven't seen that. job losses in the last week were california, places not associated with the spill. we are watching to see if we will see a spike in unemployment in those states. host: our guest is emily kaiser, also studied american history at cairo and london. she is an economic correspondent for reuters talking about the unemployment rate. there are a lot of telling numbers. orange county, california, you're up now. it is marrianne, independent. caller: i'm appalled this president is considering amnesty. most people i know feel the same way. further more, you were talking about social security. i think there has to be some stort -- sort of a law that has

a mim time period. in orange county i see a lot of ads that run about bringing new people into the social security system. there is no minimum time period people have to pay in, like say 10 years, of minute consistent work before they take from the system. i was amazed people could get right in the system and draw from it. it is wrong. host: any thoughts? guest: i actually look at immigration and social security in a different way. that is when you have an aging population, the first of the baby boomers hitting 65 next year, you need younger workers in the system in order to pay into the system. you mention those that may be older and drawing quickly. in fact, the average immigrant tends to be younger. we will need younger workers to

pay for older retirees. this is affecting many countries. japan has an aging population and doesn't allow much immigration and they have had an issue about what they are going to do to have a labor force to support their retirees. host: from the weekly address on the republican side, here's a piece from saxby-chandler. >> one of the most dangerous sides -- threats doesn't come from without but within. wisely thomas jefferson warned of this danger early on. he once said, "there does not exist an engine s corruptive of the government and so demoralizing of the nation as public debt. it will bring us more ruin at home than all the enemies from abroad against whom this army and naferi -- navy are to

protect us." host: staying with that theme, big debt. guest: in the short run, it is clear, when deficits hit, it will be difficult. you have more people on the system. these are short-run things. they don't last. when looking at a deaf -- deficit, really anything we do, the unemployment benefits are going to come down. that's going to help. the structural problems with the deficit like we mentioned before, social security, medicare, and you can also include what's going to happen with fan fan -- fanny mae and freddie mac, those are the importaat things that have to be addressed in the coming years.

>> earnings and hours ticked downward last month and the stakes grow larger, it says in "the new york times." " incumbents feel particularly precarious and make economic cisions are financial reform, unemployment benefits, and aid to states still sit on their desks." guest: this is the short-term question, which will do more harm to the economy -- doing more or doing less? we had this same group -- same discussion at last week's group in toronto. some countries were cupping in saying, if you pull back now, the economy weakens, and if the economy weakens, you have fewer people paying taxes.

the european opinion was if you want to show confidence, you need to show commitment to deficit reduction. host: "resession still a looming menace. government must not assume recovery is here." barbara, democrat, good morning. caller: what i would like to ask ss ayeser -- kaiser, do you really think if it was any other person elected president they could do better th obama? do you think the republicans can do better? let's get down to it. he's doing the best that he can. he's got a lot of problems. i'd like to hear your answer. host: i think you bring up a valid point. here's the situation, the white house can offer incentives, congress can offer incentives, but when it comes down to it,

individuals are making the decisions about what they are going to do with their money. am i going to buy something? am i going to open a factory? policies can create the environment where those decisions will go one way or the other, but nobody is going to force people to make that decision if they don't want to do it. host: from atlanta, bill. caller: i know this is the last year that when bad economic news is reported in the media, especially the press media, it seems to be preceded by the phrase "in a big surprise." for instance, "in a big surprise, the jobless rate skyrocketed." why is there always a big spry? secondly, do you think what president obama said the other day and other economists, and all economists agree, that he had saved jobs by his china debt bill? thank you very much.

guest: i think that first question is a big one. i'll show you how these indicators sort of play out in the news media. we poll0 or 08 economists around the worldor their guesses on what the coming week's or month's numbers are going to look like. so when the actuanumber comes in, we compare it tthe consensus. if it is higher than the consensus, it is better than expected, or vice versia -- vice-versa, depending on the numbers. there will be plenty of times that the consensus gets it wrong. in the last 20 yrs, the consensus gets it wrong a lot. which raises the question, are we looking at it wrong? it is a good question. the second question, does the stimulus create jobs, i think that is the case. i think government spending helped the recession from being deeper than it was. again, it is always difficult to

prove what would have happened if you had done nothing. >> "new york times" headlines says that china raises its estimate of economic growth to 1.9%. a pretty significant number. what's the connection between what happens over there and what happens here. >> if we learned nothing in the last few years, the biggest thing we learned is that every economy is linked right now and what happens everywhere affects the world. the perfect example is that we never would have thought a mortgage going in effect in nevada would hurt to a bank in germany that wouldn'tend to a factory that was going to be built in china. it is one of the big reasons that the global economy is holding up as well as it is. bun of the reasons -- one of the reasons people are upset in the last week or so is that china's inflation seems to be cooling. beijing would tell you, that's

not too bad. now, a cooling china may not be what the global economy wants right now. host: what are your take-aways from the g8 and g20 last week? guest: what we're seeeng is a group that came together with a united problem, a synchronized recession, and a solution that was common across the board. what we're seeing now is economies behaving differently and the response from governments being different. that's upsetting investors who are saying, we're not on the same page anymore. will we adopt policies that may help at home andurt abroad? and that's not good for the global economy. >> massachusetts, jim, you are on with emily kaiser of reuters. go ahead. caller: i have a suggestion that might help our economy.

we have psent rily -- presentl military in 173 countries around the world. they have closed a lot of bases in the united stes us -- united states. what if we reduce the number of military bases other than securi our embassies, and bring our militaries home? bring the -- bring our people home. we have an air force that is the largest in the world. we can deploy our troops anywhere in the world in a matter of hours. immediate support for these bases would stimulate our local economies, and as we know, there are a great deal of people required to maintain a base and to provide services for a base. this would help immediately. host: defense spending,

restructuring? guest: not an idea i have heard discussed before. it is not an idea i've heard discussed actively in this administration. host: the president aounced his plan to bring new industries to the u.she's awarding billions to new solar plants plants that he says will create thousands of jobs and increase the country's use of renewable energy sources. there is also a plan to expand broadband? what do these announcements mean ? plug them into the equation. guest: we need millions of jobs. we lost about eight million jobs during the resession. the total work force looking for work is about 15 million. if we are adding 20000 a month, we are falling short.

you are looking at three to four years just to replace the jobs we lost during the recession, and that doesn't account for new people joining the labor force. knees are all great. we're still looking at years of high unemployment. host: "weak jobs data." what is the story there? >> wall street is realizing perhaps what they forecast six weeks ago is not coming true. i think after the fourth quarter, the end of the year is really strong. peel are -- people are talking about a v-shaped recovery with a sharp down and a sharp up. they are realizing that the sharp up isn't happening. the market is starting to price in a worst-case scenario. they are projecting the possibility of a double-dip. it is remote, but they are starting to think of that.

host: good morning. caller: i would do three things. first, start putting money into entrepreneurships. there are too many regulations for anyone to start a business nowadays. it is too hard to start a business. i would put money into the bureau of entrepreneurship or something like that. the second thing i would do is a tax holiday. we got a $600 million stimulus last fime, and everyone said it didn't help. well, it helped me. i think they should double it or triple it. a tax holiday. and the third thing is the drug test kits. it's a gam scam. i worked for 30 years and had no problem. now i can't get a job because everyone wants to test my urine.

ank you. host: go ahead. guest: the obama administration has been talking about small business lending. the issue we're having there, though, is is -- is the confidence to open a business. when we look at sll business surveys, it is not, am i going to get a loan? it is, i don't know if i'm going to have business tomorrow. i don't know if i'm going to make any money. host: the "times" has a story out of chicago, "illinois sopsspops paying its bills, but can't stop digging a hole." guest: we're seeing a decline in government spending overall because of this situation. we haven't seen government jobs coming back because state and

local governments have to cut. they have rules. they have to balance their budget. which means if the money is not coming in, the money can't go out. something has to fill that gap. host: patty, you are on the republican line. go ahead. caller: thank you for having me. i'm a contractor. a woman female contractor down here, and i can tell you the economy has impacted us tremendously. we are having trouble getting materials. we're having to wait two to three times longer because our wholesalers are not stocking. the materials we are getting from overseas, which we do have a plant here in florida, but the plant has shut down, and the materials from china are taking longer to get here. it is taking us longer to complete jobs and to get paid.

i am also getting five to six phone calls a day,eople just looking for work. they are desperate out here. so i would say your idea of a double-dip resession is pretty correct from what i'm seein after 25 years in business. >> you bring up a great point about the supplier network. people cut their ininventories as far as they could because they were afraid if this resession gets deeper, i don't want to be stuck with ininventory i can't sell. the problem is, when you get demand coming back, the inventory isn't there. we did see some stocking in the fourth quarter, but perhaps not fast enough meet your business needs. >> how is the auto industry doing? >> there were not great numbers for june. there is concern about that. it is better than it was a year ago, but we are not seeing the level of production and demand

there. in the boon days we were looking at an annual rate of 11 million cars being built. we are back to the 11 or 12 range. not as bad as we were but not as good. host: we're reading about 60- year activity on mortgage rates. guest: you have a glut of homes, and you also have tougher requirements to buy a home. some people that want to buy a home may not be able to qualify. we have very few rules to qualify for a mortgage three or four years ago. some of that needed to come back and be tightened up. right now conditions are very tightened if you don't have a significant amount for a downyment, if you don't have the credit score, if you don't have the resources, you will not qualify for that mortgage. host: what about the mortgage rates?

guest: largely consumers had borrowed extensively to keep up their spending. they might have borrowed off their mortgage equity. so the consumer debt position was dreadful coming into the recession. so there needed to be some pullback there. we did see it start to build back up. people see see that as a long-term profit. although now we could use that spending. we have started to see people cut their spending more. the savings rate is popping up, but not where it was in the 1970's, for example. host: the 4th of july fireworks being canceled in a lot of towns in the country. they include antioch, california, akron, louisville,

kentucky. mayor james davis says head to cut fireworks in antioch, california. he has had to lay off people there. it is a sign of the times now. caller: i would like to state, you were talking about the housing market and real estate. as far as people being surprised about the real estate market, in 2004 everyone was reported that the economy was being propped up because of the housing mark. because of that, i sold my house and bought a smaller house. i don't see how anyone could be surprised it was going to go down. manufacturing has been in decline for 30 years. can youell me where you think this 15 million jobs will be coming fromm

guest: i wish i had an answer for that. i think that's why people think this recovery is not going to be very strong. we do have a lot of people out of work. we are not creating the types of jobs that match the skill set. it is going to be a long call. i applaud you for having the foresight to downsize in 2005 when a lot of pele were up sizing. i think euphoria sets in and everyone thinks, this is great a, i'm going to get rich on housing. that is the stuff that bubbles are made of. host: caller. caller: three things. because of the trade policies of a few corporate democrats and most of the republicans, we lost millions of high-paidobs oveeas and trillions trillions in lost revenues. that combined with tax breaks for the rich like the oil companies and huge military spending shows that they haven't cared a bit about the debt.

yet now they suddenly care and one democratic and all the republicans have been trying to save a buck by blocking a vote on the extension of unemployment benefits for months that is totally corrupt and immoral. secondly, most economists agree two-thirds of our economy depends upon people spending money and buyinghings. if we don't have the millions of unemployed, the economy is only going to get worst. lastly, you know, we had discussion here on our talk radio about roosevelt. you know, after all his policies, things were a little bit better, but we were still in a big depression. it took the huge spending of world war ii combined with their new regulations on the banking industry and a pro-american trade policy to end . after seven years of constant wa, decades of deregulating the banks and anti-american

trade policies, things are not getting muchetter. so war does not necessarily end it. have you to have a trade policy that is pro-american and you need to regulate the banks, because the republicans worked for years to deregulate them. host: emily kaiser. guest: obama has talked about a goal ofegulation in the next five years. the problem is we live in a globalized economy, and a lot of countries are hoping to export their way back to health. if everyone is trying to export at the same time, we have a problem. i have one economist mention to me that mars is not open for business, so where are all these exports going to go? host: chris, republican caller. you are on the air. caller: one of the things you mentioned was the time it was going to take to recover fm all is unemployment.

my question is, what portion of this unemployment is due to things like us exporting jobs overseas, firstly, and then the second one is just the fact that , you know, the industries and the things that we've lost. not just the financial crisis of a year or two ago, and then the second part, which is not related, what is the definition of a depression? are we really in a depression and not a recession? >> the definition of a depression is there is no depression. the definition i heard is when -- a ression is -- the definition i heard is a resession is when your neighbor loses his job and a depression is when you lose yours.

it is going to take us perps five to seven years to recoup these job losses. many of them look like they are permanent when we are not selling 17 million cars a year, we don't need as many car builders. wh >> more on the u.s. economy with president obama. then, senator saxby chambliss of georgia. he criticizes the democratic party's spending policies. >> this week, i spent some time in racine, wisconsin, talking to some folks dealing with the

aftermath of the recession. a young woman asked me a question i hear all the time. "whht are we doing as a nation to bring jobs back to this country ?" after 22 straight months of job loss, our country has now created jobs in the private sector for six months in a row. the truth is, the recession has left us in a hole. it is going to take months, even years to dig our way out. in the short term, we are fighting to speed up this recovery and keep the economy growing. that means extending unemployment insurance. that means kicking small businesses the loans they need to get doors open and hire workers. that also means sending relief to states said that they do not have to lay off thousands of

teachers, policemen, and firemen. there is a deep sense of urgency. republican leaders in washington do not get it. a majority of senators support me. some want to use their power to hold us hostage. they are holding back the recovery. it does not make sense. i promise those folks in wisconsin, and i promise all of you that we will not back down. we will keep fighting to advance our recovery. we will be aggressive and make sure jobs stay in america. we are accelerating the transition to a cooler economy and getting into renewable energy like solar power. today, i am announcing that the department of energy is awarding $2 billion to solar

companies. the company has agreed to build one of the largest solar plants here in the united states. after years of watching companies create things overseas, it is good news that we have attracted a company to our shores that will create jobs here in america. construction will create approximately 1600 jobs in arizona. most of the components and products will be manufactured in the usa. that will boost jobs up and down the supply chains. this plant will be the large -- the largest plant in the united states to store energy for later use. it will generate another clean, renewable energy to power 70,000 homes. another company will manufacture advanced solar panels at two new plants.

it will create 1500 permanent jobs. the colorado plant is under way. an indiana plant will be built in an empty chrysler factory. these plants will produce millions of state of the arts solar panels each year. these are just two of the investments in the recovery act. i have seen one shuttered factories humming with new workers that are building solar panels and wind turbines. they are helping america when the race for clean energy economy. the truth is, steps like these will not replace all the jobs we lost overnight. i know folks are struggling. i know this fourth of july weekend finds many americans wishing things were easier right now. i do too. what does weaken reminds us is that we are a nation that is looking for challenges. we are a nation that 240 years

ago declared our independence from one of the greatest empires the world has ever known. we are a nation who mustered a defense of common purpose to overcome depression and fear. we are a nation that it embraced a call to greatness and save the world from tyranny. that is who we are. we have turned times of trial and two times a tryout. i know america will write our own destiny once more. i wish every american a safe and happy fourth of july. to all of our troops, i want you to know that you had the support of a grateful nation and a proud commander in chief. thank you. god bless you. god bless the united states of america. >> i am sexy chambliss of georgia. i would like to take a moment to recognize senator were ronald bird, the longest serving senator later -- on a serving senator ever.

he defended the government with passion and vigor. i extend my deepest sympathies to senator byrd's families. tomorrow is the fourth of july. from the village squares of new england to the palm french beaches of california to wind swept priests to cities and beyond, americans are gathering this weekend to celebrate our nation's birthday. amid the red white and blue bunting and family picnics, we will listen to the words published 244 years ago that urged americans to throw off the verge of tierney -- though all the cloak of tyranny. signing the declaration of independence was a daring move by brave fall full command.

they risked life and limb to create a nation based not on ethnicity, religion, or geographic boundaries, but one based solely on ideas. the declaration of independence is a textbook of freedom. the declaration's parchment has yellowed with age. america has become a rich nation and is the envy of the world. we have faced down many in the neat repeat -- facedown many enemies at home and abroad. one of the best dangerous threats does not come from abroad, but from within. i am talking about our national debt. thomas jefferson warned of this danger early on. he once said, "there does not exist and engine so corrupt of the government as public debt." it will bring us more room at

home and then all of the enemies from abroad against them this army and navy or to protect us. as usual, jefferson was right. at a time when americans are clipping coupons and pitching pennies, president obama and the democrats in conjures are spending money that we do not have. three weeks ago, america's national debt topped $13 trillion. let me say that one more time -- $13 trillion is owed by the united states of america today. that number is so big it is difficult to comprehend. if you take that $13 trillion and divided by the number of americans, that is $42,000 for every person in this country. the national debt has risen by $2.40 trillion in the 500 days since president obama took office. that is an average of nearly $5

billion per day. even though we have to borrow 43 cents of every dollar we spend and the debt is set to double in five years, congress in this white house still continue to splurge. more than half of the $9 trillion of debt america will accrue during the next decade will be from interest alone. that money could be better used on national defense or a return -- or returned to taxpayers. instead, future generations will be forced to pay higher taxes. with much of america's get being held by other nations such as china, our national debt is also a national security issue. no less than the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff, admiral mullen, said last month, "i believe the net biggest national security threat we have is our national debt." just as with our energy and food

supplies, america is the hon. when we disproportionately rely on other nations. it is a matter of great concern that we are in deep debt to countries that often do not share our values or positions. at some point, we have to say enough is enough. we have to make tough decisions about spending beyond our means. i continued to hope that president obama, speaker policy, and others will take steps towards responsibility and restraint and reject the path of reckless spending that america is presently on. ours is a great nation. we can be even greater if we keep it jefferson's words and secure america's fiscal future. i wish all americans a happy independence day. as this weekend's fireworks simulate the rockets blair, i hope each of us will pause and think of our men and women in

uniform who are facing real rockets, bombs, and bullets in faraway places. we are grateful for their service. may god bless them and may god continue to bless our nation. thank you. >> up next, congressional leaders unveiled two plaques honoring african-american slaves who helped build the nation's capital. also, a memorial service for stewart udall. he was the secretary of interior under president kennedy and president johnson. then we will have a look at unemployment numbers. >> tomorrow on "washington journal," we will talk about a article. also, long-term proposals for restoring the gulf coast region.

we will also chat with peter decoursey on pennsylvania's budget shortfall. that is live on c-span. >> one of the best "i have ever heard about money and politics -- >> he won the pulitzer prize for his reporting on tom delay. sunday, we will talk with jeff smith of the washington post on c-span s "q and a." >> our public affair conte is available on television, radio, and online. you can connect with us on twitter, they spoke, and you to the. the. -- torture, -- twitter,